About "reverse onus", from a reader who is more than qualified to speak to the question;
The specific reverse onus provision for bail applications is set out in Section 515(6) of the Criminal Code:
Order of detention:
(6) Notwithstanding any provision of this section, where an accused is charged(a) with an indictable offence, other than an offence listed in section 469,
(i) that is alleged to have been committed while at large after being released in respect of another indictable offence pursuant to the provisions of this Part or section 679 or 680,
(ii) that is an offence under section 467.11, 467.12 or 467.13, or a serious offence alleged to have been committed for the benefit of, at the direction of, or in association with, a criminal organization,
(iii) that is an offence under any of sections 83.02 to 83.04 and 83.18 to 83.23 or otherwise is alleged to be a terrorism offence,
(iv) an offence under subsection 16(1) or (2), 17(1), 19(1), 20(1) or 22(1) of the Security of Information Act, or
(v) an offence under subsection 21(1) or 22(1) or section 23 of the Security of Information Act that is committed in relation to on offence referred to in subparagraph (iv),
(b) with an indictable offence, other than an offence listed in section 469 and is not ordinarily resident in Canada,(c) with an offence under any of subsections 145(2) to (5) that is alleged to have been committed while he was at large after being released in respect of another offence pursuant to the provisions of this Part or section 679, 680 or 816, or
(d) with having committed an offence punishable by imprisonment for life under subsection 5(3), 6(3) or 7(2) of the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act or the offence of conspiring to commit such an offence,
the justice shall order that the accused be detained in custody until he is dealt with according to law, unless the accused, having been given a reasonable opportunity to do so, shows cause why his detention in custody is not justified, but where the justice orders that the accused be released, he shall include in the record a statement of his reasons for making the order.
As you can see there are a variety of scenarios where the reverse onus applies; namely the where the allegation before the Court entertaining the bail application is:
committing an indictable offence while already awaiting trial for another indictable offence
a criminal organization offence
a terrorist offence
an offence relating to dissemination of information relating broadly to national security/official secrets etc. to foreign entities or terrorist groups
committing an indictable offence while not being ordinarily resident in Canada
while being at large and awaiting trial, committing a further offence of failing to attend court or breaching one's release conditions
one of the offences I mentioned yesterday relating to drugs
"The reverse onus provision which has been dealt with and upheld by the S.C.C. relating to drug offences was the Pearson case."
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Reverse onus, I believe, will be ruled as illegal.
R v. Hall [2002] is a bit more recent and apt for the matter you refer to:
"Because the impugned phrase confers an open-ended judicial discretion to refuse bail, it is inconsistent with both s. 11(e) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which guarantees a right "not to be denied reasonable bail without just cause", and the presumption of innocence."
Posted by: Jonathan M at January 3, 2006 8:21 PMThey are a law unto them selves..rember there's 250 million gone..what police force or what court is going to go after any of this..there are two laws! theres and the one they shove down our throats..The most Quiet one has been Rev Canada...they will beat you and me up but when you control the strings that get pulled no one will rock any boat to think otherwise is a fools game.
Posted by: craig at January 3, 2006 8:38 PMHi Jonathan:
Hall was decided on very narrow grounds and did not deal directly with any of the reverse onus provisions in s. 515(6). It held only that the part of s. 515(10)(c) of Criminal Code authorizing the denial of bail "on any other just cause being shown" infringed the presumption of innocence and right "not to be denied reasonable bail without just cause” on the basis that that phrase was too vague. As you likely know though the balance of s. 515(10)(c) survived and an accused can now be detained if his release would be erode the public’s confidence in the administration of justice.
I would suggest that the reverse onus for offences involving the use of firearms would be upheld for reasons similar to those utilized in upholding the reverse onus for drug offences:
· violence related offences are extremely destructive and disconcerting from the perspective of the public
· in assessing the application of the reverse onus, the degree of violence used would be evaluated. The more egregious the conduct, the greater would be the difficulty for the accused to show cause why release is justified
· the use (or threatened use) of a weapon in the commission of any offence (and particularly violent offences) would place the conduct at the most serious end of the spectrum of impugned conduct. Consequently it would be that offender who would not likely meet the reverse onus
· the Court would have to be mindful of the fact that there is already significant precedent in the Criminal Code and the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act for greater penal sanctions for firearms offences
· there is a specific section making it a separate offence to use a firearm during the commission of an offence. The obvious one is an armed robbery but it can be any offence. If convicted of the separate firearms offence, a consecutive jail term must be imposed for the firearm offence
· the use or threatened use of a firearm is deemed to be an aggravating factor in sentencing for drug offences which presumptively leads to the imposition of a jail term unless there are compelling reasons not to impose that penalty
· one of the terms of bail that the Court must consider for a person charged with a drug offence is a firearms prohibition pending trial
· in a very recent case [R. v. Wiles handed down by the S.C.C. on December 22nd this year], the imposition of a mandatory weapons prohibition [Criminal Code Section 109(1)(c) - 10 year minimum] for every person convicted of a serious drug offence was upheld
I have to agree with Wade on this one. Hall dealt with a very specific concern. The SCC stated that the government can deny bail with very specific and detailed provisions. The crux of Hall was vagueness. More importantly, the majority in Hall applied the ratio in Pearson, which is still the reigning case on reverse onus in bail situations.
Posted by: Nat at January 3, 2006 10:31 PMthere's a law for everything. if they want your ass, you're history. if they miss the first time, they'll cut you a new law and retry you. sheesh, we're gonna be american one day. thanks pierre. oh, wasn't he a lawyer? hmmm, ya gotta wonder.
i pride myself with my comprehension of the english language (okay, so it's not readily apparent as often as i would like). so why can't i follow the language in those laws? written for the common man or for the ilk we must prostrate ourselves for our freedom. makes me sick how you can forget the victim, "client" in the case and hobnob about the definition and interpretation of what precedent will affect some other case should circumstances be duplicated. how far can the law leave the lives of the citizens affected behind?
Posted by: Ottawa Core at January 3, 2006 10:36 PMI observe that if the Justices of the Peace on the job in Toronto had one ounce of sense between them we wouldn't be talking about "reverse onus". I mean, there's a limit to what you can accomplish with hand holding and edicts from above when the front line guys are so stunningly incompetent. What kind of idiot lets a known banger with violent priors out on bail after he's been caught with a gun in his pocket a couple blocks from a shooting? A Toronto JP, that's what kind.
Possibly we should fire them all and replace them with a coin flipping machine. At least the machine will be right half the time.
Posted by: The Phantom at January 3, 2006 11:52 PMI loved Clayton Ruby's comment on CTV news tonight.
"The reverse onus provision will be most certainly challenged.
This all smacks of cheap electioneering, for a sound bite and a vote."
It sounds good but inherently does nothing just like the handgun ban.
Posted by: Hans Rupprecht at January 4, 2006 3:03 AMThe comments on this thread are excellent. One learns more from a blog than the MSM and the politicians ever reveal.
Based on the information presented here, it would appear that reverse onus is mandatory when related to criminal organization, ie gang activity.
So why are we not seeing civil suits related to the Crown not taking correct action in these gun crimes?
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